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Tougher prison sentences reduce ,ugg boots, particularly burglary, according to ground-breaking research. The study, by academics at Birmingham University, also found that during periods when police detect more offences, crime tends to fall overall, suggesting that levels of police activity – and therefore of staffing – have a direct impact on criminal activity. The findings are likely to be seized on by critics of the government's plans for reducing the number of police officers as part of spending cuts. The research, carried out for Civitas, an independent thinktank, used local sentencing data released by the Ministry of Justice under freedom of information requests to track the effectiveness of penal policy and policing on recorded crime across the 43 forces in England and Wales between 1993 and 2008. The researchers concluded that prison was particularly effective in reducing property crime when targeted at serious and repeat offenders. They concluded that an increase of just one month in the average sentence length for burglaries – from 15.4 to 16.4 months – would reduce burglaries in the following year by 4,800, out of an annual total of 962,ugg boots cheap,700. For fraud, an increase in sentences from 9.7 to 10,ugg boots cheap.7 months would result in a reduction of 4,uggs on sale,700 offences a year, out of 242,400,ugg boots cheap. The report declares this to be "a substantial effect, especially when we consider that the length of sentence usually corresponds to approximately half the actual time spent in custody". The study also estimates that a policy of forcing offenders to serve a higher proportion of their sentences in prison would have a further dramatic effect on cutting crime, in part because more offenders would be behind bars for longer. If offenders were made to serve two-thirds of their sentence in custody, rather than the current half, it suggests that there would be 21,000 fewer recorded burglaries and 11,ugg boots cheap,000 fewer recorded frauds in England and Wales,uggs on sale. The findings tend to support the thrust of policies followed by the last Labour government, which increased funding to the police and concentrated on the roughly 100,000 persistent offenders responsible for a high proportion of crime. This approach increased the prison population, but it also led to reductions in overall levels of crime,ugg boots uk. By contrast, the current justice secretary,, often questions the relationship between criminal justice policy and the level of crime and suggests that economic factors may be just as, if not more, important. Clarke has been involved in a long-running dispute with one of his Tory predecessors,uggs on sale, Michael Howard, whose mantra that "prison works" became associated with his time at the Home Office. In 2010 Clarke questioned whether tough penal policy cut crime: "No one can prove cause and effect. The crime rate fell [under Labour], but was this the consequence of the policies of my successors as home secretary or, dare I gently hint, mine as chancellor of the exchequer at the beginning of a period of growth and strong employment? We will never know." The report says there is "unequivocal" evidence that more sustained and effective policing cuts crime. "More detection is associated with substantial reductions in crime. It plays a sustained role in preventing crime," says the study, which found that a 1% increase in the detection rate would prevent 26,000 burglaries, 85,000 thefts, 2,500 robberies and 1,800 frauds a year. However, the director of campaigns at the Howard League for Penal Reform, Andrew Neilson, questioned the claims. "The effect of prison on reducing crime has never been proven and this research falls short of doing so," Neilson said,ugg boots sale. "There are numerous international examples of jurisdictions which have experienced both falls in crime and falls in prison numbers. "Research by the last government supports claims made since by Kenneth Clarke that factors such as a benign economy and improved home security had greater roles to play in the fall in crime in England and Wales than an increase in the use of imprisonment."  Neilson also said that the research ignores the "clear failure of prison as spelled out in reoffending rates". He added: "Lengthening prison sentences at additional cost when prisons are already failing will not provide lasting solutions to crime."    "Acquisitive Crime: Imprisonment, Detection and Social Factors" will be published at civitas.org.uk  on Monday    相关的主题文章：    Who are you   A graduate of the University of Missouri   ScholarZ’ 

As Trott pointed out
,ugg boots cheap Great Britain christened the Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome in fine style on Friday night, with a little blood mixed in with the sweat and the tears. The new track that will host the 2014 Commonwealth Games is on London Road, which seems only appropriate,ugg boots cheap, because although this is clearly a team that has begun rebuilding en route to Rio, events in the capital in August will loom large throughout the next three and a half years. There was a little hint of the roars that echoed round the Pringle in those heady days as Becky James and in the team sprint and Dani King,  and the newcomer Elinor Barker kicked off proceedings with a brace of gold medals. Varnish and James are a new pairing, with the young Welsh woman taking over from the peerless Victoria Pendleton, now of Strictly Come Dancing, but they came here with a World Cup win under their belt this season in the opening round in Colombia and they continued where they had left off with a seamless victory over Spain to cement their status as leaders in the standings. They qualified fastest and then geared a little higher for the final �C "Why not try something new?" said a smiling James afterwards �C and,ugg boots cheap, although in the final Varnish went a little slower in her opening lap, she provided the perfect delivery for her partner. The team sprinters' task was straightforward compared with the mountain in front of Trott, King and Barker, the junior world time trial champion on the road in September and a late inclusion in place of the London gold medallist Joanna Rowsell,. In qualifying they had finished second to Australia, well within reach, but only after a shambolic performance in which King had pushed herself too hard, taking a longer turn than necessary and then failing to recover in time to hold the wheel of Trott. The trio finished in disarray, with Trott several lengths clear at one point and having to throttle back in order to enable her team-mates to catch up before the finish line. As Trott pointed out, this was their first ride over the distance as a trio. But even so there was work to do. They "made some adjustments", switching Barker and Trott to longer turns and King to shorter ones, and the final was a very different business,ugg boots, with Trott imperious, Barker punching well above her weight �C she was riding 10 seconds faster than her previous personal best �C and King clearly determined to make amends. They fell behind the Australian trio at the off, pulled back to lead in the second kilometre,Ugg Boots Sale UK, then held off their rivals to the finish, with the crowd on their feet. It was rousing stuff and a fine debut in particular for Barker, who had taken time out from her A-level studies �C biology and PE �C to be here this week. It bodes well for the future, when this event will expand to be on a par with the men's at 4,000m and four riders. The most keenly awaited debut, however, was that of a seasoned campaigner �C Ed Clancy's first attempt at a team sprint as he makes the transition from four riders over four kilometres to three men over three laps. He feared, not unreasonably,, that the Olympic gold medallists Philip Hindes and Jason Kenny might leave him behind at the start. "I was worried I would spend the three laps on my own," he said, but his nerves were groundless. In both qualifying and the final he did not look out of place,Cheap Ugg Boots, although his nose-down style as he follows Kenny's wheel in the man-three position still has more of the endurance rider than the sprinter about it. The trio qualified second fastest to the German trio of Stefan Boetticher,ugg boots, Robert F,ugg boots cheap?rstemann and Rene Enders, and the result was repeated in the final, but it was enough to give Clancy confidence as he attempts to switch to this discipline and the kilometre time trial at the world championships in Minsk next February. "My thoughts changed from how not to make a fool of myself [in qualifying] to 'how can we win this?'" he said. "It's a start." 相关的主题文章：  the superintendent The trainer Escalante Good to meet you … Dennis Lane 

Would the reaction of government authorities
What do you picture when you hear the words "Mexican beggar child"? Is the child blond? Green-eyed? Does she have light skin,Ugg Boots Sale UK? A Mexican family was recently at the centre of a national controversy over such questions. A young Mexican girl begging for money was photographed by a driver. Child beggars are sadly not an uncommon sight in Mexico – except that in this case, the girl was blond, green-eyed and very light-skinned. Feeling something was "not right" about that particular child,uggs on sale, the photographer posted the picture to his Facebook timeline, telling his followers to. He argued that something was clearly wrong because the girl's parents "were brown". For those who reposted the picture (and there were many – so much so that officials soon interceded) it is indeed apparently an aberration for brown people to give birth to light-skinned kids, rather than a fairly frequent situation in a country with a long history of. It's also apparently not normal to see a blond beggar in a country where poverty is defined by "brownness",ugg boots uk. So it was only a sign of good community responsibility that thousands of people were willing to use social media to publicise this oddity. Or so we are to believe. As a result, the five-year-old child was put in an orphanage, and her mother was detained for two days (she was later released, and a birth certificate for the girl was handed over). Unsurprisingly, many Mexican activists have pointed to the racism running through this chain of events. None of the concern over the child's plight would be happening if the child had a different skin colour, they argue. The mother also would not have had her child removed so quickly if she was not native,. The truth behind these statements have caused an uproar in the country and kickstarted a national debate – if Mexicans have long accepted and even found an honoured position for mixed-race relationships and people in their country,uggs on sale, how on earth can they be racists? As the debate carried on in Mexico, many bloggers and social media users in the US have also jumped into the conversation,ugg boots uk. While we've rightfully condemned the latent racism that set a fertile ground for the situation to happen, it's also been far too easy to ignore the role the US currently plays in helping to normalise systemic criminalisation of mothers of colour generally – and Mexican mothers specifically – in both countries. The increase of anti-immigrant sentiment following 9/11 has created a hypervisibility of South American women's bodies, and their presumed ability to give birth. In the eyes of many,ugg boots cheap, they are the brown-skinned, illegal,ugg boots, poverty-stricken ones who "sneak" over the border to. This hypervisibility extends to their parenting as well: Mexican mothers who are on welfare are of limited resources. Those who fight for their right to remain with their US-born children are. Mothers who don't speak English are considered such bad parents,. In that regard, the US is not that different from Mexico. What would have happened if a Spanish-speaking, dark-skinned woman was driving to her job in Arizona with her blond light-skinned child in the back seat, and just so happened to be observed by somebody with a camera? Would the reaction of government authorities or thousands of social media users be any different in the US than it was in Mexico? My bet is that it wouldn't,ugg boots. Mexico has incredible problems with racism, and this story has helped to expose them, albeit at the expense of a young child and her family. But Mexico does not exist as a separate unrelated entity from the US,ugg boots. To truly understand those dynamics, we should scrutinise how the racism at play in the US interacts with the racism taking place in Mexico, and question our own understandings of "race" within the context of our own communities. This work begins with interrogating the image that springs to mind when you hear "Mexican beggar child". 相关的主题文章：  and relatives―to compile a list of common</li> boiling will create a film on top of milk</li> "They are a reformist</li> </ul>

Daniel Clay
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Eamon Gilmore
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